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Bulimia Nervosa

(Bulimia)

Definition

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder. People who have bulimia are overly concerned with weight and body image. They eat very large amounts of food (called binging) and use inappropriate means to rid their bodies of the food (called purging). Purging may be done through vomiting, laxatives, or water pills. Excessive exercise or fasting may replace or be used along with purging. This cycle of binging and purging is used to prevent weight gain.

Causes

The exact cause of bulimia is unknown. Factors that may contribute to this condition include:
  • Cultural bias toward thinness
  • Changes in the level of brain chemicals
  • Emotional stress
  • Disturbed self-image

Risk Factors

Factors that increase your chance of developing bulimia include:
  • Sex: female
  • Age: 11-20 years old
  • History of obesity
  • Anxiety
  • Mood disorder
  • Family members who have had an eating disorder or mood disorder
  • Low self-esteem
  • Unhappiness with weight and size
  • Career in which physical appearance is important

Symptoms

Behavioral symptoms include:
  • Eating unusually large amounts of food at one time
  • Feeling like eating is out of control
  • Making yourself throw up
  • Taking laxatives, enemas, water pills, or diet pills
  • Exercising excessively
  • Having dramatic changes in mood
  • Having symptoms of depression
  • Having difficulty controlling your impulses
  • Abusing alcohol or drugs
Physical symptoms include:
  • Abdominal pain and heartburn
  • Menstrual problems
  • Swollen cheeks and jaw
  • Sore throat
  • Swollen salivary glands (in the mouth and throat)
  • Bloating
  • Stained or chipped teeth (due to contact with stomach acid)
  • Cuts or scars on back of hands (from scraping skin on teeth during forced vomiting)
Bulimia may lead to other problems, including:
  • Dental and throat problems from stomach acid that rises during vomiting
  • Changes in body chemistry and fluids due to vomiting and abuse of laxatives or water pills
Symptoms of these complications include:
  • Dizziness
  • Feeling faint
  • Thirst
  • Muscle cramps
  • Weakness
  • Constipation
  • Irregular heartbeat
  • Heart problems, including sudden death
People with bulimia have a high incidence of psychiatric conditions, including:
  • Depression (often with rapid and wide swings in mood)
  • Anxiety and panic disorder
  • Drug and alcohol abuse or dependence

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about:
  • Your medical and psychological history
  • The amount of food you eat
  • The ways you to try to rid your body of food
The doctor will also do a physical exam. Your teeth will be checked for signs of erosion.
Tests may include:
  • Blood tests—to look for chemical imbalances
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)—to look for heart problems due to purging
  • Drug screening—to check for drug use
EKG
Heart EKG
Bulimia can lead to severe heart problems.
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
A mental health professional may also perform a psychiatric exam and/or psychological tests.

Treatment

The goals of treatment are:
  • To stop binging and purging
  • To focus self-esteem away from body weight and shape
Treatments include:

Nutritional Support

You may be referred to a registered dietitian. A dietitian can teach you how to follow a healthy diet and create reasonable weight and calorie goals.

Psychotherapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be very effective, especially when combined with medicine.
Other therapies may be less effective, but can help you to:
  • Gain insight into the problem
  • Recognize what triggers binging and purging
  • Develop new coping skills
  • Learn and practice stress-management techniques
  • Talk about feelings
  • Develop a more appropriate idea of thinness
  • Develop healthier attitudes about eating
  • Learn to eat regularly to reduce the urge to binge

Medications

Antidepressant drugs, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), have proven effective in helping to reduce binging and purging.

Prevention

Healthy attitudes about food and your body help prevent bulimia nervosa. Suggestions include:
  • Maintain a rational approach to dieting and food.
  • Accept a realistic body image.
  • Take pride in what you do well.
  • Set realistic goals.
  • Talk to your doctor or a mental health professional if you think:
    • Your desire to be thin is getting out of control
    • You may be developing an eating disorder
  • If you have a friend/family member who may have bulimia, encourage this person to get help.

RESOURCES

Bulimia Nervosa Resource Guide for Family and Friends http://www.bulimiaguide.org/

National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders http://www.anad.org/

National Eating Disorders Association http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/

CANADIAN RESOURCES

Bulimia Anorexia Nervosa Association http://www.bana.ca/

Canadian Mental Health Association http://www.ontario.cmha.ca/

References

Bulimia. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/. Updated July 17, 2012. Accessed August 28, 2012.

Bulimia nervosa fact sheet. Women's Health.gov website. Available at: http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/bulimia-nervosa.cfm. Updated June 15, 2009. Accessed August 28, 2012.

Eating disorders. National Institute of Mental Health website. Available at: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/eating-disorders/index.shtml. Accessed August 28, 2012.

Revision Information

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.

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